The Puget Sound Indian War began over land rights and ended in a cloud of controversy surrounding the hanging of Leschi.

The catalyst of the war was the Treaty of Medicine Creek of 1854 Negotiated by Washington Territory Governor Isaac Stevens, the treaty preserved Indian fishing rights, but took away prime Nisqually farm land. Leschi, chosen to negotiate the treaty with Stevens, was outraged and chose to fight rather than give up his land. The fighting commenced in October 1855, when “Eaton’s Rangers,” a citizen militia under Captain Charles Eaton, were involved in a clash with Nisqually tribesmen. Two militiamen, Joseph Miller and Abram Benton Moses, were killed. Upon hearing the news, Governor Stevens immediately dispatched a company to locate Leschi and “escort” him back to Olympia.

The war itself consisted of a series of short skirmishes with relatively few deaths on the American side. Notable battles occurred in present-day Tacoma, Seattle, and even as far east as Walla Walla. In particular, on October 28, 1855, a party of Muckleshoot killed eight settlers in what was later called the White River Massacre. Three children fled on foot to Seattle, but one five-year-old boy was kidnapped and held by the Muckleshoot for six months before being released.

A conflicting source describes the attack as being a Nisqually band led by Chief Leschi, and reported nine Settlers killed. Two boys and a girl were taken from the battle and returned unharmed to an American steamer at Point Elliot. A memoir of the event emphasized that families were warned ahead of time so they could evacuate: “The Indians sent us word not to be afraid-that they would not harm us.” Some of the families included members of the volunteer companies who had been roaming the area attacking peaceful Indians.

In response to the attack at White River, the Americans captured around 4,000 noncombatant Native Americans and moved them to Fox Island for close observation. Many of them died due to insufficient food, water, and shelter. Additionally, southwestern tribes who had no tradition of warfare were raided by fearful Americans. They were disarmed and their villages placed under surveillance. Upper and Lower Chehalis families were forcefully relocated to a farm near Steilacoom; coastal tribes such as the Cowlitz were moved to a site on the Chehalis River; the Chinook people were moved inland to Fort Vancouver. All people remained captive until at least the end of the war, nearly two years

The final battle of the war occurred on or about March 10, 1856, when a column of approximately 110 volunteers from the Washington Territorial Volunteers were ambushed near Connell’s Prairie by a force estimated at 150 Native American tribesmen, supposedly led by Chief Leschi of the Nisqually tribe. After several hours of skirmishing and several charges by the Volunteers, the Natives withdrew, taking their dead and wounded with them, but leaving behind bloody clothing and drums, among other items. Following the battle, Leschi and his remaining warriors retreated over the Cascades into Eastern Washington.

Leschi was captured in November 1856 and was forced to stand trial for the murder of Abram Benton Moses. His first trial resulted in a hung jury because of the question of the legitimacy of murder during wartime; the jury of twelve voted ten in favor, two opposed to conviction. Leschi was tried again in 1857. Despite vague witness accounts and issues over whether Leschi was actually at the scene of the incident, he was found guilty of murder. Leschi was hanged on February 19, 1858.

Sources

  1. Washington State Historical Society
  2. Janice E. Schuetz, Episodes in Rhetoric of Government-Indian Relations, (Westport: Praeger, 2002), 1-24
  3. J.A. Eckrom, Remembered Drums: A History of the Puget Sound Indian War, (Walla Walla: Pioneer Press, 1989), 1-30
  4. Majors, Harry M. (1975) Exploring Washington Van Winkle Publishing Co. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-918664-00-6
  5. The Puget Sound War | Native American Netroots. nativeamericannetroots.net. Retrieved 2017-12-15
  6. Meeker, Ezra (1905). Pioneer Reminiscences of Puget Sound: The Tragedy of Leschi: An Account of the Coming of the First Americans and the Establishment of Their Institutions Seattle: Lowman & Hanford Stationery and Print
  7. Ruby, Robert H.; Brown, John A. (1981). Indians of the Pacific Northwest: A History Norman: University of Oklahoma
  8. Morgan, Murray (1979). Puget’s Sound: A Narrative of Early Tacoma and the Puget Sound Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 121. ISBN 0-295-95680-1
  9. Seattle, Washington, Seattle Post-Intelligencer, 11 December 2004
  10. Chief Leschi Schools, https://www.leschischools.org/, Aug. 11, 2016
  11. Leschi Elementary School, http://leschies.seattleschools.org/, Aug. 11, 2016